See loven in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Government",
"orig": "enm:Government",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luve"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lufian",
"lufian#Old_English"
],
[
"*lubōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lubōn"
],
[
"love",
"love#Middle_English:_affection"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lufian",
"id": "to love"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"loven\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"to love\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"loven\" id=\"Middle_English:_to_love\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lufian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lufian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lubōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lubōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "love",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "affection",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "love"
},
"expansion": "love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lufian",
"id": "to love"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lufian, from Proto-West Germanic *lubōn; equivalent to love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "lovende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yloved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lowen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovin",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufian",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvan",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luven",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luviȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luviȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvyen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofvie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luviæn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "lovie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovien",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loviȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovyen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lofe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "loven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "lov"
},
"expansion": "loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lov"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 18 18 18 0 1 7 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
75,
81
],
[
174,
180
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
100,
104
],
[
197,
201
]
],
"english": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xıx᷒ et explıcıt Dobet // et ımplıcıt Dobeſt”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 117, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wyn ıs lıkned to lawe. and lıfholẏneſſe / And lawe lakkede þo. foꝛ men louede noȝt hır enemẏs / And crıſt counſeıleþ þus. and comaundeþ boþe / To lered and to lewede. to louyen oure enemys",
"translation": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
69,
73
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
80,
86
]
],
"english": "[…] through joy and sorrow, she won't abandon him; / she doesn't get tired / of loving and looking after him / Even though he'll lie bedridden until he dies.",
"ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Marchantes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 138, verso:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wele oꝛ wo / she wol hẏm nat foꝛſake / She nẏs nat werẏ / hẏm to loue / and serue / Thogh þᵗ he lẏ bedrede / tıl he ſterue",
"translation": "[…] through joy and sorrow, she won't abandon him; / she doesn't get tired / of loving and looking after him / Even though he'll lie bedridden until he dies.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"english": "Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 3:16, folio 44, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "ffoꝛ god lovyde ſo þe woꝛld .· þat he ȝaf his oon bigeten ſone / þat ech man þ[at] bileueþ in h[im] periſſhe not .· but haue euerlaſtynge lijf",
"translation": "Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something)"
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-w96Q8zG2",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 15 11 11 10 13 12 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 18 18 18 0 1 7 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To have a strong preference or liking (for something)."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-4k6XNFnb",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"preference",
"preference"
],
[
"liking",
"liking"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 15 11 11 10 13 12 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 18 18 18 0 1 7 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 30 17 17 1 0 0 0 0 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Money",
"orig": "enm:Money",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To obey or follow a deity."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-Lan7ayFQ",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"obey",
"obey"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 15 11 11 10 13 12 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 18 18 18 0 1 7 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To be faithful to a ruler or superior."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-ucCbQl0m",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
],
[
"ruler",
"ruler"
],
[
"superior",
"superior"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 16 16 16 16 1 1 6 2 2 1 9",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "enm:Emotions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 18 18 18 0 1 7 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Love",
"orig": "enm:Love",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To feel romantic or sexual love (towards someone)."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-QiaOcIIi",
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"love",
"love"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 15 11 11 10 13 12 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To derive enjoyment or pleasure (from something)."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-GPjxVUB3",
"links": [
[
"derive",
"derive"
],
[
"enjoyment",
"enjoyment"
],
[
"pleasure",
"pleasure"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 15 11 11 10 13 12 8 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To want or crave; to have a wish for."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-BWDS98Mg",
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"crave",
"crave"
],
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English euphemisms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 37 0 0 63 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Sex",
"orig": "enm:Sex",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make love; to have sexual intercourse with."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-b8VwcStb",
"links": [
[
"make love",
"make love"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"intercourse",
"intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(euphemistic) To make love; to have sexual intercourse with."
],
"tags": [
"euphemistic"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To function well; to flourish."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-Ymu~f3jA",
"links": [
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"flourish",
"flourish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To function well; to flourish."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːvən/"
}
],
"word": "loven"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Government",
"orig": "enm:Government",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "lofe"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loff"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loave"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "loave"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "love"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lofian",
"lofian#Old_English"
],
[
"*lobōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lobōn"
],
[
"*lubōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lubōną"
],
[
"lof",
"lof#Middle_English:_praise"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lofian",
"id": "to praise"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"love\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*lewbʰ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubą\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"factitive verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lobōn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"lofian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"loven\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"to praise\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"loven\" id=\"Middle_English:_to_praise\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lofian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lofian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lofian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lofian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lobōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lobōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lubōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lubōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "lof",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "praise",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "praise"
},
"expansion": "lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lofian",
"id": "to praise"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "lovende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yloved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "loven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "lov"
},
"expansion": "loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lov"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 7 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "enm:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To praise, glorify; to give praise to:",
"To reverence or worship a deity."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-UntZAoCs",
"links": [
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"glorify",
"glorify"
],
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"reverence",
"reverence"
],
[
"worship",
"worship"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To praise, glorify; to give praise to:",
"To assent to or approve of; to deem acceptable."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-sRHYWCOn",
"links": [
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"glorify",
"glorify"
],
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"assent",
"assent"
],
[
"approve",
"approve"
],
[
"acceptable",
"acceptable"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 11 8 7 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 7 7 6 10 7 5 8 7 8 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 10 8 7 7 8 9 5 7 8 9 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 8 7 7 7 7 6 7 8 7 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 5 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation."
],
"id": "en-loven-enm-verb-xUCQmdZS",
"links": [
[
"valuate",
"valuate"
],
[
"appraisal",
"appraisal"
],
[
"valuation",
"valuation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔ̞ːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈluvən/",
"note": "influenced by Etymology 1"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːvən/",
"note": "influenced by Etymology 1"
}
],
"word": "loven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ- (love)",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Government",
"enm:Love",
"enm:Money",
"enm:Religion",
"enm:Sex"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "luve"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lufian",
"lufian#Old_English"
],
[
"*lubōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lubōn"
],
[
"love",
"love#Middle_English:_affection"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lufian",
"id": "to love"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"loven\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"to love\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"loven\" id=\"Middle_English:_to_love\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lufian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lufian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lubōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lubōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "love",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "affection",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "love"
},
"expansion": "love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lufian",
"id": "to love"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lufian, from Proto-West Germanic *lubōn; equivalent to love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "lovende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yloved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lowen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovin",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufian",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lufiȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvan",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luven",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luviȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luviȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvyen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofvie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luviæn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "lovie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovien",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "loviȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovyen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lofe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lufen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luffe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "loven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "lov"
},
"expansion": "loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lov"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
75,
81
],
[
174,
180
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
100,
104
],
[
197,
201
]
],
"english": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus xıx᷒ et explıcıt Dobet // et ımplıcıt Dobeſt”, in [Piers Plowman, A Treatise on Sin] (W, B-text), London, published c. 1400, →OCLC, folio 117, verso; republished as Thorlac Turville-Petre, Hoyt N. Duggan, editors, Cambridge, Trinity College, MS B.15.17 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 2), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wyn ıs lıkned to lawe. and lıfholẏneſſe / And lawe lakkede þo. foꝛ men louede noȝt hır enemẏs / And crıſt counſeıleþ þus. and comaundeþ boþe / To lered and to lewede. to louyen oure enemys",
"translation": "Since wine represents the Law and righteousness, / but the Law was then lacking since people didn't love their enemies. / But Christ therefore both advised and commanded / the clergy and laity to \"love our enemies\".",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
69,
73
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
80,
86
]
],
"english": "[…] through joy and sorrow, she won't abandon him; / she doesn't get tired / of loving and looking after him / Even though he'll lie bedridden until he dies.",
"ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Marchantes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 138, verso:",
"text": "ffoꝛ wele oꝛ wo / she wol hẏm nat foꝛſake / She nẏs nat werẏ / hẏm to loue / and serue / Thogh þᵗ he lẏ bedrede / tıl he ſterue",
"translation": "[…] through joy and sorrow, she won't abandon him; / she doesn't get tired / of loving and looking after him / Even though he'll lie bedridden until he dies.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"english": "Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 3:16, folio 44, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "ffoꝛ god lovyde ſo þe woꝛld .· þat he ȝaf his oon bigeten ſone / þat ech man þ[at] bileueþ in h[im] periſſhe not .· but haue euerlaſtynge lijf",
"translation": "Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something)"
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To have a strong preference or liking (for something)."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"preference",
"preference"
],
[
"liking",
"liking"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To obey or follow a deity."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"obey",
"obey"
],
[
"follow",
"follow"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To be faithful to a ruler or superior."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"faithful",
"faithful"
],
[
"ruler",
"ruler"
],
[
"superior",
"superior"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To love; to have affection (for someone or something):",
"To feel romantic or sexual love (towards someone)."
],
"links": [
[
"love",
"love"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"romantic",
"romantic"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"love",
"love"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To derive enjoyment or pleasure (from something)."
],
"links": [
[
"derive",
"derive"
],
[
"enjoyment",
"enjoyment"
],
[
"pleasure",
"pleasure"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To want or crave; to have a wish for."
],
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"crave",
"crave"
],
[
"wish",
"wish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English euphemisms"
],
"glosses": [
"To make love; to have sexual intercourse with."
],
"links": [
[
"make love",
"make love"
],
[
"have",
"have"
],
[
"sexual",
"sexual"
],
[
"intercourse",
"intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(euphemistic) To make love; to have sexual intercourse with."
],
"tags": [
"euphemistic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To function well; to flourish."
],
"links": [
[
"function",
"function"
],
[
"flourish",
"flourish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To function well; to flourish."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈluvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːvən/"
}
],
"word": "loven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ- (love)",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"enm:Emotions",
"enm:Government",
"enm:Love",
"enm:Money",
"enm:Religion",
"enm:Sex"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "lofe"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loff"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "loave"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "love"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "loave"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "love"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lofian",
"lofian#Old_English"
],
[
"*lobōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lobōn"
],
[
"*lubōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lubōną"
],
[
"lof",
"lof#Middle_English:_praise"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Middle_English:_infinitival"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lofian",
"id": "to praise"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"love\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*lewbʰ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubą\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"factitive verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lobōn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"lofian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"loven\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"to praise\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"loven\" id=\"Middle_English:_to_praise\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lofian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English lofian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lofian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English lofian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lobōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lobōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lubōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lubōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "lof",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "praise",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix",
"t1": "praise"
},
"expansion": "lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:lofian",
"id": "to praise"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "loveth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lovedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "loven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "loveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lovynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "lovende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "loved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yloved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "love",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "lovien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luve",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvie",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "luvien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "lofenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "loven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "lov"
},
"expansion": "loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lov"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To praise, glorify; to give praise to:",
"To reverence or worship a deity."
],
"links": [
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"glorify",
"glorify"
],
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"reverence",
"reverence"
],
[
"worship",
"worship"
],
[
"deity",
"deity"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To praise, glorify; to give praise to:",
"To assent to or approve of; to deem acceptable."
],
"links": [
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"glorify",
"glorify"
],
[
"praise",
"praise"
],
[
"assent",
"assent"
],
[
"approve",
"approve"
],
[
"acceptable",
"acceptable"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation."
],
"links": [
[
"valuate",
"valuate"
],
[
"appraisal",
"appraisal"
],
[
"valuation",
"valuation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔ̞ːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlɔvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈluvən/",
"note": "influenced by Etymology 1"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈloːvən/",
"note": "influenced by Etymology 1"
}
],
"word": "loven"
}
Download raw JSONL data for loven meaning in Middle English (22.0kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''To love; to have affection (fo'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"loven"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "loven",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.